The U.S. follows Britains imperial lead carrying people from Barbarism at the base of the hill to Civilization at its summit. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. The 'Cape to Cairo' idea, dating back at least to 1876, and Rhodes' active promotion of a railway linking the . | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the Je l'ai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. - Esherick, Joseph. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. 1, July 6, 2015. He was the fifth son of Francis William Rhodes and his second wife, Louisa Peacock. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. 8, No. Newspapers carried pictures of corpses and stories of rape and plunder, notably in the wealthy merchant city of Tongzhou just before troops reached Beijing. Additionally, engaging in image analysis will continue to help you build this important analytical skill, and producing an image will help your visual presentation skills. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). Long May It Wave. Translated from Russian. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. - digital file from original print The U.S. appears to be carried by the Philippines, Great Britain by India, and Germany by Africa. In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. Includes bibliographical references and index. Duplication Services Web site. On the left, Minerva, goddess of wisdom and Western civilization, witnesses the debut. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. the younger Keppler also contributed cartoons, and became co-owner of the magazine after his father's death, when he changed his name to Joseph Keppler. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. U.S. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. Translated from Russian. The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Colonists--British--1900-1910. [1] [2] The project was never completed. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." (Some images display only as thumbnails outside Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. 83-108 (2006). John Bull, whose portliness stood for prosperity, has joined with Uncle Sam to swallow the globe. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. Much of Africa would now be days rather than weeks away from London while Cecil Rhodes' old dream of a 'Cape to Cairo' connection had become a reality. Smith, Arthur Henderson. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. 1 print : chromolithograph. Revell, 1904). Reference staff can Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. American Imperialism (New York: Arno Press, 1970). N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. Title from item. But the urge to span the continent from bottom to top did not die with Rhodes's dream . Misery Loves Company: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. The long text accompanying this grim illustration reads as follows: It appears that the Filipinos have lost confidence in Americans. In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. 1900. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.. The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). The turn of the century also witnessed emergence of articulate anti-imperialist voices worldwideand this movement had its own powerful wing of incisive graphic artists. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Does the artist portray imperialism in a positive or negative light? The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. She may be red-handed, and at times drunk, but she is there for business. Publisher. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. Ellen Sebring is an artist, filmmaker, and for a decade was the Creative director of the Visualizing Cultures project at M.I.T. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. On February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Missionaries preaching the Gospel in rural China violated local religious practices. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. 11 [-21]. The Rhodes Colossus - Wikipedia Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic United Kingdom is often forgotten. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. The large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries is dotted with U.S. flags marking newly-acquired territories. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? 1 (October 7, 2013). It was planned as a link between Cape Town in South Africa and Port Said in Egypt. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University. At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. As the Heathen See Us A Meeting of the Chinese Foreign Missions Society. John S. Pughe,Puck, November 21, 1900. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Source:Library of Congress. Think It Over. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. In the French cartoon Leur rve (Their dream), the globe is portrayed as a victim carried on a stretcher. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. 0 Ratings 1 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 0 Have read; From the Cape to Cairo. 167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). Co., Puck Bldg. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. The British had just subdued the Dutch-descended Boers, in southern Africa. Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. Co., Puck Bldg. The argument follows Englands example, as spelled out on the blackboard, that By not waiting for their consent, she has greatly advanced the worlds civilization. An African-American washes windows. The book on the desk reads: U.S. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. From the Cape to Cairo Collection: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Description: Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. Maine exploded and sank in the harbor at Havana. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. Source:Library of Congress. - In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. In the September 28, 1901 issue, artist Jean Veber excoriated the shameful subject of the concentration camps British forces used to weaken Boer resistance in the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902. Embracing Technologies of Domination: The Rise of Popular Imperialism in the U.S., 1898-1904. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, Jun 16, 2006. 62, Issue 4,pp. However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. 2 vols. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. PDF Social Darwinism The two allies had been embroiled in lengthy wars with costly and devastating effects on the populations in Africa and Asia. 8, Issue 4, pp. The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? In 1901, occupation forces roamed the countryside to pillage, loot, and hunt for Boxers. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. The humanity of our soldiers is admirable and does not tire despite the ferocity of the Boers (Official Report to the War Office. Life published many graphics that showed the humanitarian costs inflicted by war and political aggressiondespoliation, looting, concentration camps, torture, and genocideoften awkwardly interspersed amongst humorous sketches and domestic scenes. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are!. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. title not id. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. A laughing missionary in the lead, blood-soaked soldiers of the Allied forces tread on the bodies of women and children while carrying severed heads on a pike. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. On November 29, 1892, while on a visit to London, Rhodes made a speech in which he dramatically announced that he intended to extend the Colony's telegraphic connections across the entire continent - not only to Lake Tanganyika and Uganda, but through the fundamentalist Islamic Sudan and all the way to British Cairo. The title of the cartoon calls attention to the barbarous uses of much modern technology and so-called progress., les prisonniers bors ont t runis en de grands enclos o depuis 18 mois ils trouvent le repos et le calme. Co., Puck Bldg., NY [New York: Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, NY. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. Think It Over: All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. Download Image of From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler.. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. Brewer, Susan. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." On May 1a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was publishedCommodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. Scene The Congo Free State; artist: Linley Sambourne. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. The British people had a long history of supporting imperial wars and as the conflict escalated, criticism in cartoon form declined and was supplanted by patriotic messages. Der Traum der Kaiserin von China (The Dream of the Empress of China),Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. Reference staff can Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags.